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加 to do 的动词1. afford to do  负担的起做某事 We can’t afford to make any mistakes.我们承担不起任何失误。2. agree to do  同意做某事Do you agree to have dinner today? 今天你同意一块吃饭吗？3. choose to do  选择做某事Why  do so many choose to leave their country? 为什么有这么多人要离开祖国?4. decide to do  决定做某事She decided to accept the offer. 她决定接受这一提议。5. expect to do 期待做某事The shop expects to make more money this year. 这家店铺期望今年多赚点钱。6. hope to do  希望做某事I hope to see you again sometime next year. 我希望明年某一时候再见到你。7. hurry to do  急忙做某事We shall have to hurry to get there in time. 我们将不得不及时赶到那。8. manage to do  设法做成某事How do you manage to do such a thing? 你是怎么设法做这样的事?9. plan to do  打算做某事Where do you plan to spend your holiday? 你打算去哪里度假？10. prefer to do  宁愿做某事I prefer to travel in the front of the car. 我宁愿坐在汽车的前面。11. refuse to do  拒绝做某事I refuse to answer that question. 我不愿回答那个问题。12.  seem to do  看似做了某事The books seem to be lost. 那些书好像不见了。13.  wish to do  希望做某事I wish to talk with you in private. 我希望能私下里同你谈话。14.  want to do  想要做某事Is that why you don't want to go home? 这就是你不想回家的原因吗？15.  would like to do  想要做某事I would like to have a word with you. 我想同你说句话。加 sb. to do 的动词1. allow ab. to do  允许某人做某事My  boss doesn't allow me to use the telephone. 老板不许我使用电话。2. cause ab. to do  导致某人做某事The beliefin god causes people to do good. 对上帝的信仰使人行善。3. encourage sb. to do  鼓励某人做某事Peter, my English teacher, never fails to encourage us to study hard. 我的英文老师彼得总是鼓励我们要好好用功。4. force sb. to do  强迫某人做某事5. invite sb. to do  邀请某人做某事We invite her to have Thanksgiving dinner with us. 我们邀请她和我们一起吃感恩节晚餐。6. teach sb. to do  教某人做某事It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself. 该是有人教你应对进退之礼仪的时候了。7. warn sb. to do  警告某人做某事The police warn us not to go out at night. 警察告诫我们夜间不要出门。8. …enough to do  足够做某事Would you be kind enough to take a message to him? 拜托您捎个信儿给他。9. It’s + adj+ for sb. to do  对某人来说做某事很...Is it necessary for me to attend the meeting?我真的必须参加这个会议吗？10. It takes sb. some time to do  花费某人多长时间做某事How long does it take to go to the airport by taxi? 坐出租汽车去飞机场要多长时间？ 后加doing的动词1. avoid doing  避免做某事Avoid crossing this street at rush hours. 避免在交通拥挤时间穿越这条街道。2. consider doing  考虑做某事Would you consider working in New York next year? 明年你考虑到纽约工作吗？3. enjoy doing  享受做某事I enjoy singing, much more listening to music. 我喜欢唱歌，更不用说听音乐了。4. finish doing  结束做某事It took us a whole week to finish painting the home. 我们花了整整一星期的时间才把房子粉刷好。5. hate doing  讨厌做某事The boys hate doing homework.男孩儿们讨论做家庭作业。6. imagine doing  想象做某事I can't imagine living with a drunk. 我想象不出与一个醉汉生活在一起的情形。7. keep doing  持续做某事Foreign words keep coming into English. 外来词源源不断地进入英语。8. mind doing  介意做某事Would you mind stepping aside to let me pass? 你介意站开让我走过去吗?9. practice doing  练习做某事Practice throwing the ball into the net. 练习投篮。10. regret doing  后悔做某事I believe you will regret leaving Paris. 我相信你会为离开巴黎而后悔的。11. risk doing  冒险做某事I don’t think they will risk holding an election. 我想他们是不会冒风险举行选举的。12. suggest doing 建议做某事I suggested going for a walk. 我建议去散步。13. be worth doing  值得做某事He'll probably say no, though it's worth trying. 他很可能不同意，但不妨去试探一下。14. spend…doing花费...做某事How much time do you spend practicing English every day? 你每天花多少时间练习英文？15. while/when doingI like to listen to music while running. 我喜欢一边跑步，一边听音乐。16. have a good time/fun/problems/trouble/difficulty doing做某事有乐趣/问题/麻烦/困难:I have difficulty remembering names. 我不易记住人名。17. prevent/stop/keep…from doing 阻止...做某事Nothing can prevent him from going. 什么都不能阻止他前往。加do的动词1. let sb. do  让某人做某事I hope you can pardon his badness and let him start all over again.希望您能原谅他的不好，让他从新开始。2. make sb. do  使某人做某事He find it impossible to make her change her mind. 他发现使她改变主意是不可能的。3. hear sb. do  听见某人做某事The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him. 大声叫嚷的孩子听不到妈妈的叫唤。4. have sb. do  要求某人做某事Will you like to have him call you back ? 要他给你回个电话吗?5. would rather do than do  宁愿做...不愿做...They would rather go fishing than stay at home. 他们宁愿去钓鱼，也不愿待在家里。6. had better do 最好做某事You had better have another think. 你最好     再想一想。 加 to doing 的动词1. prefer doing to doing  宁愿做...不愿做...Their teacher prefers doing to talking. 他们的老师喜欢做而不喜欢说。2. be used to doing  习惯做某事I'm not used to doing shopping.我不习惯购物。3. look forward to doing  期待做某事I look forward to being alone in the house.我盼望着能自己一人待在这所房子里。4. pay attention to doing  注意力集中在做某事上You should pay attention to picking your words . 你应该注意措词。5. devote … to doing  奉献...去做某事I devote myself to helping the poor. 我致力于帮助穷人。 加to do= 加doing的动词1. start to do =start doing 开始做When did you start to learn English? 你何时开始学英语的?2. learn to do = learn doing 学着做She is learning to play the piano. 她在学弹钢琴。3. continue to do = continue doing 继续做Bread continues to rise in price. 面包的价格继续上涨。 加to do≠加doing的动词1. forget to do  忘记要做Don't forget to leave room for our teacher.别忘了给我们的老师留出座位。forget doing  做了某事而把它忘记了2. remember to do 记得要做remember doing 记得做过3. need to do 需要做need doing需要被做4. stop to do 停下来开始做stop doing 停止正在做的事
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Use

git clone ssh://username@url.com/~username/workfolder/ mylocalrepo

Which will create the repository on your local machine. Any commits you make to that branch are to your local repository, and when you want to push back up to the remote server you can run:

git push ssh://username@url.com/~username/workfolder/

fopen函数的用法示例
In C and C++ programming languages fopen() function is used to open files and make operations like add, update, create for data. In this tutorial we will learn the syntax, usage and errors about the fopen() function.
在C和C ++编程语言中， fopen()函数用于打开文件并进行诸如添加，更新和创建数据之类的操作。 在本教程中，我们将学习有关fopen()函数的语法，用法和错误。
 fopen()函数语法
(fopen() Function Syntax)
fopen() function is provided by the standard C library. The fopen() function has the following syntax.
fopen()函数由标准C库提供。 fopen()函数具有以下语法。 
FILE *fopen(const char *FILENAME, const char *MODE)
`FILE *` is the return type of the fopen() function which is a pointer to a FILE structure. This file pointer is used for operations to add, update, etc.
 FILE *是fopen()函数的返回类型，它是指向FILE结构的指针。 该文件指针用于添加，更新等操作。

`const char *FILENAME` is simply the file name that will be opened by fopen() function.
 `const char * FILENAME`只是将由fopen()函数打开的文件名。

`const char *MODE` is the file open mode that will set the behavior of the file operations like only read, write, append, etc.
 const char * MODE是文件打开模式，它将设置文件操作的行为，例如仅读，写，追加等。

The fopen() function will return a FILE pointer to the opened file in successful execution. If there is error the return value will be NULL and the global variable errno will be set for the related error.
 fopen()函数将在成功执行后返回指向已打开文件的FILE指针。 如果存在错误，则返回值将为NULL，并且将为相关错误设置全局变量errno 。
 文件打开模式
(File Open Modes)
Before starting the examples of the fopen() function we will learn file open modes. File open modes sets and restrict file access type like only read, update, create the file if do not exists, etc. File modes are represented as characters and + sign.
在开始fopen()函数的示例之前，我们将学习文件打开模式。 文件打开模式设置和限制文件访问类型，例如仅读取，更新，创建文件(如果不存在)等。文件模式表示为字符和+号。
`”r”` is used as the file for reading. This will open the file as read-only and the file cannot be edited in this mode. As expected the file should exist where it will not be created automatically.
 “ r”用作读取文件。 这将以只读方式打开文件，并且在此模式下无法编辑文件。 如预期的那样，该文件应存在于不会自动创建的位置。

`”w”` will create an empty file for writing. If the file already exists the existing file will be deleted or erased and the new empty file will be used. Be cautious while using these options.
 “” w”将创建一个用于写入的空文件。 如果文件已存在，则将删除或删除现有文件，并使用新的空文件。 使用这些选项时要小心。

`”a”` is used for appending new data into the specified file. The file will be created if it doesn’t exist.
 “ a”用于将新数据附加到指定文件中。 如果该文件不存在，则将创建该文件。

`”r+”` mode will open the file to update which will provide read and write rights. But the file must already exist if not it will not be created and throw an error.
 “ r +”模式将打开要更新的文件，该文件将提供读写权限。 但是文件必须已经存在，否则将无法创建并抛出错误。

`”w+”` will create an empty file for both reading and writing.
 “” w +”`将创建一个用于读取和写入的空文件。

`”a+”` will open a file for reading and appending.
 “” a +”`将打开一个文件以供读取和附加。

LEARN MORE  What Is EOF (End Of File)? Examples with PHP, C++, C, Python, Java



了解更多什么是EOF(文件末尾)？ PHP，C ++，C，Python，Java的示例


打开文件进行读取(Open File For Reading)
We will start with a simple example where we will open a file named myfile.txt which is a text file as you expect. But keep in mind that the type or content of the file is not important for fopen() function.
我们将从一个简单的示例开始，我们将打开一个名为myfile.txt的文件，该文件是您所期望的文本文件。 但是请记住，文件的类型或内容对于fopen()函数并不重要。 
#include <stdio.h>

int main () {
   //File pointer for "myfile.txt"
   FILE *fp;
   int c;

   //Open the file and set to pointer fp
   fp = fopen("myfile.txt","r");

   //Read file character by character and 
   //put to the standard ouput
   while(1) {
      c = fgetc(fp);
      if( feof(fp) ) {
         break ;
      }
      printf("%c", c);
   }

   //Close the file pointer
   fclose(fp);

   return(0);
}
We will compile the source code file read_myfile.c with the following gcccommand.
 我们将使用以下gcc命令编译源代码文件read_myfile.c 。 
$ gcc read_myfile.c -o read_myfile
 打开文件进行写入
(Open File For Writing)
We can also use "a" for writing or appending into the existing file. In this example, we will add the following line file named myfile.txt.
我们还可以使用"a"将其写入或追加到现有文件中。 在此示例中，我们将添加以下名为myfile.txt行文件。 
I am new line
#include <stdio.h>

int main () {
   //File pointer for "myfile.txt"
   FILE *fp;
   int c;

   //Open the file and set to pointer fp
   fp = fopen("myfile.txt","a");

   //Add or append new line to myfile.txt
   // by using fp pointer
   fputs("I am a new line",fp);

   //Close the file pointer
   fclose(fp);

   return(0);
}
 关闭档案
(Close File)
As fopen() function is used to open a file after the operations are completed we have to close the file. fclose() function is used to close the given file by using this file pointer and release resources. In previous examples as the last action, we closed the files like below.
由于fopen()函数用于在操作完成后打开文件，因此我们必须关闭文件。 fclose()函数用于通过使用此文件指针关闭给定文件并释放资源。 在前面的示例中，作为最后一个操作，我们关闭了如下文件。 
fclose(fp);
 fopen()错误
(fopen() Errors)
While opening files with fopen() function we may get different types of errors. Here we will provide some of the most possible ones.
使用fopen()函数打开文件时，我们可能会遇到不同类型的错误。 在这里，我们将提供一些最可能的方法。
`EACCES` is related where there is no permission for the specified operation.
 如果没有指定操作的许可，则“ EACCES”相关。

`EINVAL` will raise when the value of the mode argument is not valid.
 当mode参数的值无效时，ʻEINVAL`将升高。

`EINTR` will raise when a signal was caught during fopen().
 在fopen()期间捕获到信号时，ʻEINTR`将升高。

LEARN MORE  What Is EOF (End Of File)? Examples with PHP, C++, C, Python, Java
 



了解更多什么是EOF(文件末尾)？ PHP，C ++，C，Python，Java的示例


翻译自: https://www.poftut.com/fopen-function-usage-in-c-and-cpp-with-examples/
fopen函数的用法示例

make 函数
A.字符串替换和分析函数：

1.subst 替换

用法：$(subst from,to,text) : 将text中的from 替换为to 

eg: $(subst ee,EE,feet on the street)  结果：'fEEt on the strEEt'


2.patsubst 带正则的替换

用法：

$(patsubst pattern,replecement,text) 

eg: $(patsubst %.c,%.o,x.c.c bar.c)   结果： 'x.c.o bar.o'


3.strip 去空格

用法：$(strip string)  : 将string 中前导和后缀空格去掉，中间多个空格和为一个。

eg: $(strip a b c ) 结果： 'a b c'


4.findstring 字符串查找

用法：$(findstring find,in) 在in中查找find，若找到返回find否则返回空

eg: $(findstring a,a b c)        结果：'a'

     $(findstring a,b c)           结果：''


5.filter 正则过滤

用法：$(filter pattern...,text) 将text中符合pattern的过滤出来。

eg: sources := foo.c bar.c baz.s ugh.h 

    foo: $(sources) 

        cc $(filter %.c %.s,$(sources)) -o foo  //cc 命令生成foo 不用ugh.h文件


6.filter-out 正则反过滤 和filter的结果正好相反

用法： $(filter-out pattern...,text) 

eg: objects=main1.o foo.o main2.o bar.o 

    mains=main1.o main2.o 

    $(filter-out $(mains),$(objects)) 结果： 'foo.o bar.o'


7.sort 排序 

用法： $(sort list) 按字典顺序排序，移除重复的。

eg:  $(sort foo bar lose) 结果： 'bar foo lose'


8.word 取词

用法: $(word n,text) 取text 中第n个词

eg: $(word 2, foo bar baz) 结果： 'bar'


9.wordlist 列表取词

用法： $(wordlist m,n,text) 从text中取从第m到第n个词

eg: $(wordlist 2,3,foo bar baz)    result is : 'bar baz'


10.words 

用法： $(words text)  返回text包含的词的个数

eg:    $(word $(words text),text) 返回text中最后一个词


11.firstword 

用法: $(firstword names...) 取第一个词

eg: $(firstword foo bar) result is : 'foo'


12.lastword 

用法： $(lastword names...) 取最后一个词

eg: $(lastword foo bar ) result is : 'bar'


B.处理文件名的函数


13.dir 提取目录部分

用法： $(dir names)  提取每个文件名的目录部分，以'/'结束。如果文件名不带'/'则目录部分视为'./'.

eg: $(dir src/foo.c hacks)  结果 :'src/ ./'


14.notdir 去掉目录部分

用法： $(notdir names) 

eg: $(dir src/foo.c hacks) 结果 :'foo.c hacks'


15.suffix 

用法： $(suffix names...) ： 提取文件名后缀

eg: $(suffix src/foo.c src-1.0/bar.c hacks) 结果 :'.c .c'


16.basename 

用法: $(basename names...) : 提取文件名除后缀外的部分，suffix 相反。

eg: $(basename src/foo.c src-1.0/bar hacks)    结果 :'src/foo src-1.0/bar hacks'


17.addsuffix 

用法: $(addsuffix suffix,names...) 添加后缀

eg: $(addsuffix .c,foo bar)   结果 :'foo.c bar.c'


18.addprefix 添加前缀

$(addprefix prefix,names...) 

eg: $(addprefix src/,foo bar)  结果 :'src/foo src/bar'


19.join

$(join list1,list2)

eg: $(join a b,.c .o)  结果:'a.c b.o'


20.wildcard 通配符

$(wildcard patterns) :

eg: $(wildcard *.c) means all .c files.

    objects := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(wildcard *.c))

    foo:$(objects)

        cc -o foo $(objects) 


21.realpath 

$(realpath names...) ： 返回绝对路径，不包含.或..或重复的/或者链接。


22 abspath

$(abspath names...) ：与realpath 相似，只是保留链接。