自动化脚本编写实例
完整demo请参看：https://github.com/niununu/k2p_web_test
本文以修改用户名密码单元为案例，编写测试脚本。完成修改用户名密码模块单元测试。
(ps.这个demo中登陆密码为“admin”)
1. 打开浏览器，访问p.to
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
def openDriver():
driver.get("http://p.to")
driver.maximize_window()
2. 登陆
登陆这动作传入的参数只有一个“用户密码”
需要执行的操作有两个：1. 向输入框输入密码 2. 点击确定
需要注意的是在登陆的时候可能出现页面还没有加载出来，我们的程序就开始填写表单的情况。
为了防止异常出现，编写了函数waitandSendkeys和waitandClick来处理异常。(后面将会介绍异常处理函数)
class loginClass(object):
"""docstring for login"""
def __init__(self, arg):
self.login_pwd = arg
def login(self):
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="Pwd"]', self.login_pwd)
waitandClick('//*[@id="Save"]')
3. 修改管理员密码
需要传入的参数有两个:1.旧密码 2. 新密码
要注意的是由于修改管理员密码是一个弹窗，所以要判断等弹窗弹出之后再进行操作
class changePwdClass(object):
"""docstring for changePwdClass"""
def __init__(self, pwdNew, pwdOld):
self.pwdNew = pwdNew
self.pwdOld = pwdOld
def changeUserPwd(self):
waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]')
waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]/ul/li[3]')
waitforDisplay('//*[@id="_Widget"]')
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdOld"]', self.pwdOld)
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdNew"]', self.pwdNew)
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdCfm"]', self.pwdNew)
waitandClick('//*[@id="SavePwd"]')
到这里，我们可以完成修改用户名密码这一动作。后面将进行单元测试。
4. 单元测试数据
修改用户名密码这个功能的防呆规则如下：
| 输入项 | 允许输入 | 可为空 | 格式规范 | 合法性 | 依赖项 |
|---|
| 原管理员密码 | 是 | 否 | 字符串 | 长度限制:5-63; 字符集:英文字符集; | 需要与管理员密码相同 |
| 新管理员密码 | 是 | 否 | 字符串 | 长度限制:5-63; 字符集:英文字符集; | |
| 确认管理员密码 | 是 | 否 | 字符串 | 需要与新管理员密码相同 | |
根据防呆规则可以列出:1.可能出现的错误 2.出现错误时页面应有的提示语
errcode = ['oldPwdErr', 'lenErr', 'charErr', 'matchErr', 'pwdSameErr',\
'oldPwdBlankErr', 'newPwdBlankErr']
errTips = {
'oldPwdErr' :'原密码错误',
'lenErr' : '新密码长度应为5~63位',
'charErr' : "新密码包含非法字符",
'matchErr' : '两次密码输入不一致',
'pwdSameErr' : '新密码与原密码相同，请重新输入',
'oldPwdBlankErr' : '请输入原密码',
'newPwdBlankErr' : '请输入新密码'
}
5. 检查输入的数据合法性
需要输入的数据为要检查的data和登陆密码
def checkData(data, loginPwd):
pwd = loginPwd
if data['pwdOld'] == "":
return errcode[5]
if data['pwdNew'] == "":
return errcode[6]
strTmp = data['pwdNew']
for x in xrange(0,len(data['pwdNew'])):
if ord(strTmp[x]) < 33 or ord(strTmp[x]) > 127:
return errcode[2]
if len(data['pwdNew']) > 63 or len(data['pwdNew']) < 5:
return errcode[1]
if pwd != loginData.login_data['login_pwd']:
return errcode[0]
if data['pwdNew'] == pwd:
return errcode[4]
return None
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6. 获取输入错误数据之后的页面提示语
def checkResponse(error):
if error == None:
return
webText = getText('//*[@id="PwdTip"]')
if webText == False:
print('###Error: no tips on web!')
else:
webText = webText.decode('UTF-8')
waitandClick('//*[@id="ModifyPwd"]/i')
time.sleep(1)
return webText
7. 编写测试用例
data = [
{"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},
{"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : '1 2 3','pwdOld' : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "admin"}
]
8.编写单元测试类
8.1 单元测试中的通用操作
单元测试中，不同的部分应该是数据，所以可以定义一个通用的操作。
其中self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])是判定测试是否通过的条件:页面提示语是否正确。
def commonAction(self, arg):
error = checkData(arg)
changeUserPwd.main(arg)
self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])
8.2 测试类
测试类中主要包括了测试用例6个，和对应的以“test”开头的测试函数。
这里继承了python的unittest。
关于unittest的语法请参考：http://www.jb51.net/article/65856.htm
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
data = [
{"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},
{"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : '*'},
{'pwdNew' : '1 2 3','pwdOld' : '*'},
{'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : '*'},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "*"}
]
def commonAction(self, arg):
error = checkData(arg)
changeUserPwd.main(arg)
self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])
def test_oldPwdErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[0])
def test_lenErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[1])
def test_charErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[2])
def test_pwdSameErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[3])
def test_oldPwdBlank(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[4])
def test_newPwdBlank(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[5])
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9. 进行单元测试并生成测试报告
这里利用了HTMLTestRunner来生成测试报告。
HTMLTestRunner语法请参看：https://testerhome.com/topics/7576
生成的测试报告将会存放在reports/test_report文件夹下，按照时间命名。测试报告的title叫做“修改管理员密码试报告”
unittest.main(testRunner=HtmlTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(output='test_report',report_title='修改管理员密码试报告'))
10. 关闭浏览器
def closeDriver():
time.sleep(3)
driver.quit()
os.system('killall chromedriver')
os.system('killall geckodriver')
到这里，我们可以完成修改用户名密码模块的单元测试了，为了增加代码的健壮性，下面介绍异常处理。
11. 异常处理
11.1 点击函数
点击按钮的时候可能出现的异常情况是：可能页面元素还没有加载出来的时候，点击的动作就发生了。这样就会引发找不到元素异常。
解决的方法是通过显示等待，每10ms检查一次页面元素是否加载完成，完成后就点击，否则就等到超时时间之后结束动作。
def waitandClick(xpath):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitandClick, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).click()
11.2 填写表单
在填写表单时，除了页面元素还没有加载完成的异常外，还可能原有表单中有文本，而我们的输入则是以追加模式填写的。这就会导致填写的文本不准确。
def waitandSendkeys(xpath, keys):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitandSendkeys, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).clear()
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).send_keys(keys)
11.3 元素加载
在元素加载中可能出现： 1. 在超时时间内元素没有加载完成 2. 查询的元素根本不存在
针对这两种情况进行异常处理：
def waitforDisplay(xpath):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitforDisplay, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
try:
process = driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda driver: process.is_displayed())
except NoSuchElementException as e:
print('Error:waitforDisplay, NoSuchElementException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
12. 测试报告和代码示例
12.1 测试报告样例
12.2 完整的测试代码
from selenium import webdriver
import time, os
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
import unittest
import HtmlTestRunner
import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
def openDriver():
driver.get("http://p.to")
driver.maximize_window()
class loginClass(object):
"""docstring for login"""
def __init__(self, arg):
self.login_pwd = arg
def login(self):
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="Pwd"]', self.login_pwd)
waitandClick('//*[@id="Save"]')
def login(data):
openDriver()
test1 = loginClass(data)
test1.login()
class changePwdClass(object):
"""docstring for changePwdClass"""
def __init__(self, arg):
self.pwdNew = arg.get('pwdNew', '')
self.pwdOld = arg.get('pwdOld', '')
def changeUserPwd(self):
waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]')
waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]/ul/li[3]')
waitforDisplay('//*[@id="_Widget"]')
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdOld"]', self.pwdOld)
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdNew"]', self.pwdNew)
waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdCfm"]', self.pwdNew)
waitandClick('//*[@id="SavePwd"]')
def changeUserPwd_main(data):
changePwdObj = changePwdClass(data)
changePwdObj.changeUserPwd()
errcode = ['oldPwdErr', 'lenErr', 'charErr', 'matchErr', 'pwdSameErr',\
'oldPwdBlankErr', 'newPwdBlankErr']
errTips = {
'oldPwdErr' :'原密码错误',
'lenErr' : '新密码长度应为5~63位',
'charErr' : "新密码包含非法字符",
'matchErr' : '两次密码输入不一致',
'pwdSameErr' : '新密码与原密码相同，请重新输入',
'oldPwdBlankErr' : '请输入原密码',
'newPwdBlankErr' : '请输入新密码'
}
def checkData(data):
pwd='admin'
if data['pwdOld'] == "":
return errcode[5]
if data['pwdNew'] == "":
return errcode[6]
strTmp = data['pwdNew']
for x in xrange(0,len(data['pwdNew'])):
if ord(strTmp[x]) < 33 or ord(strTmp[x]) > 127:
return errcode[2]
if len(data['pwdNew']) > 63 or len(data['pwdNew']) < 5:
return errcode[1]
if pwd != data['pwdOld']:
return errcode[0]
if data['pwdNew'] == data['pwdOld']:
return errcode[4]
return None
def checkResponse(error):
if error == None:
return
webText = getText('//*[@id="PwdTip"]')
if webText == False:
print('###Error: no tips on web!')
else:
webText = webText.decode('UTF-8')
waitandClick('//*[@id="ModifyPwd"]/i')
return webText
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
data = [
{"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},
{"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : '1 2 3','pwdOld' : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : 'admin'},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},
{'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "admin"}
]
def commonAction(self, arg):
error = checkData(arg)
changeUserPwd_main(arg)
self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])
time.sleep(1)
def test_oldPwdErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[0])
def test_lenErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[1])
def test_charErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[2])
def test_pwdSameErr(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[3])
def test_oldPwdBlank(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[4])
def test_newPwdBlank(self):
self.commonAction(self.data[5])
def closeDriver():
time.sleep(3)
driver.quit()
os.system('killall chromedriver')
os.system('killall geckodriver')
def waitandClick(xpath):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitandClick, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).click()
def waitandSendkeys(xpath, keys):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitandSendkeys, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).clear()
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).send_keys(keys)
def waitforDisplay(xpath):
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
except TimeoutException as e:
print('Error:waitforDisplay, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
else:
try:
process = driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda driver: process.is_displayed())
except NoSuchElementException as e:
print('Error:waitforDisplay, NoSuchElementException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
def elementIsDisplayed(xpath):
try:
driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
except NoSuchElementException as e:
return False
def getText(xpath):
time.sleep(1)
return driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).text
if __name__ == '__main__':
openDriver()
login('admin')
unittest.main(testRunner=HtmlTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(output='test_report',report_title='修改管理员密码试报告'))
closeDriver()
