完整demo请参看：https://github.com/niununu/k2p_web_test

本文以修改用户名密码单元为案例，编写测试脚本。完成修改用户名密码模块单元测试。

(ps.这个demo中登陆密码为“admin”)

1. 打开浏览器，访问p.to

# 1. 打开浏览器，访问p.to
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
def openDriver():
    driver.get("http://p.to")
    driver.maximize_window()

2. 登陆

登陆这动作传入的参数只有一个“用户密码”

需要执行的操作有两个：1. 向输入框输入密码 2. 点击确定

需要注意的是在登陆的时候可能出现页面还没有加载出来，我们的程序就开始填写表单的情况。

为了防止异常出现，编写了函数waitandSendkeys和waitandClick来处理异常。(后面将会介绍异常处理函数)

class loginClass(object):
    """docstring for login"""
    def __init__(self, arg):
        self.login_pwd = arg
    def login(self):
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="Pwd"]', self.login_pwd)
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Save"]')

3. 修改管理员密码

需要传入的参数有两个:1.旧密码 2. 新密码

要注意的是由于修改管理员密码是一个弹窗，所以要判断等弹窗弹出之后再进行操作

class changePwdClass(object):
    """docstring for changePwdClass"""
    def __init__(self, pwdNew, pwdOld):
        self.pwdNew = pwdNew        
        self.pwdOld = pwdOld

    def changeUserPwd(self):
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]')
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]/ul/li[3]')
        waitforDisplay('//*[@id="_Widget"]')
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdOld"]', self.pwdOld)
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdNew"]', self.pwdNew)
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdCfm"]', self.pwdNew)
        waitandClick('//*[@id="SavePwd"]')

到这里，我们可以完成修改用户名密码这一动作。后面将进行单元测试。

4. 单元测试数据

修改用户名密码这个功能的防呆规则如下：

根据防呆规则可以列出:1.可能出现的错误 2.出现错误时页面应有的提示语

#可能出现的错误
errcode = ['oldPwdErr', 'lenErr', 'charErr', 'matchErr', 'pwdSameErr',\
    'oldPwdBlankErr', 'newPwdBlankErr']

#出现错误时页面应有的提示语
errTips = {
    'oldPwdErr' :'原密码错误',
    'lenErr' : '新密码长度应为5~63位',
    'charErr' : "新密码包含非法字符",
    'matchErr' : '两次密码输入不一致',
    'pwdSameErr' : '新密码与原密码相同，请重新输入',
    'oldPwdBlankErr' : '请输入原密码',
    'newPwdBlankErr' : '请输入新密码'
}

5. 检查输入的数据合法性

需要输入的数据为要检查的data和登陆密码

def checkData(data, loginPwd):#检查顺序跟页面顺序相同
    pwd = loginPwd
    #'oldPwdBlankErr'
    if data['pwdOld'] == "":
        return errcode[5]
    #newPwdBlankErr
    if data['pwdNew'] == "":
        return errcode[6]
    #charErr
    strTmp = data['pwdNew']
    for x in xrange(0,len(data['pwdNew'])):
        if ord(strTmp[x]) < 33 or ord(strTmp[x]) > 127:#ASCII表示范围:32-127
            return errcode[2]
    #lenErr
    if len(data['pwdNew']) > 63 or len(data['pwdNew']) < 5:
        return errcode[1]
    #oldPwdErr
    if pwd != loginData.login_data['login_pwd']:
        return errcode[0]
    #pwdSameErr
    if data['pwdNew'] == pwd:
        return errcode[4]
    #no error
    return None

6. 获取输入错误数据之后的页面提示语

def checkResponse(error):
    if error == None:
        return

    webText = getText('//*[@id="PwdTip"]')
    if webText == False:#没有提示
        print('###Error: no tips on web!')
    else:
        webText = webText.decode('UTF-8')
    waitandClick('//*[@id="ModifyPwd"]/i')
    time.sleep(1)
    return webText

7. 编写测试用例

    data = [
        {"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},#"oldPwdErr"
        {"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : 'admin'},#lenErr
        {'pwdNew' : '1  2  3','pwdOld' : 'admin'},#charErr
        {'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : 'admin'},#pwdSameErr
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},#oldPwdBlank
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "admin"}#newPwdBlank
    ]

8.编写单元测试类

8.1 单元测试中的通用操作

单元测试中，不同的部分应该是数据，所以可以定义一个通用的操作。

其中self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])是判定测试是否通过的条件:页面提示语是否正确。

def commonAction(self, arg):
        error = checkData(arg)
        changeUserPwd.main(arg)
        self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])

8.2 测试类

测试类中主要包括了测试用例6个，和对应的以“test”开头的测试函数。

这里继承了python的unittest。

关于unittest的语法请参考：http://www.jb51.net/article/65856.htm

class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    data = [
        {"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},#"oldPwdErr"
        {"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : '*'},#lenErr
        {'pwdNew' : '1  2  3','pwdOld' : '*'},#charErr
        {'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : '*'},#pwdSameErr
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},#oldPwdBlank
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "*"}#newPwdBlank
    ]

    def commonAction(self, arg):
        error = checkData(arg)
        changeUserPwd.main(arg)
        self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])

    def test_oldPwdErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[0])
    def test_lenErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[1])
    def test_charErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[2])
    def test_pwdSameErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[3])
    def test_oldPwdBlank(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[4])
    def test_newPwdBlank(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[5])

9. 进行单元测试并生成测试报告

这里利用了HTMLTestRunner来生成测试报告。

HTMLTestRunner语法请参看：https://testerhome.com/topics/7576

生成的测试报告将会存放在reports/test_report文件夹下，按照时间命名。测试报告的title叫做“修改管理员密码试报告”

unittest.main(testRunner=HtmlTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(output='test_report',report_title='修改管理员密码试报告'))

10. 关闭浏览器

def closeDriver():
    time.sleep(3)
    driver.quit()
    os.system('killall chromedriver')
    os.system('killall geckodriver')

到这里，我们可以完成修改用户名密码模块的单元测试了，为了增加代码的健壮性，下面介绍异常处理。

11. 异常处理

11.1 点击函数

点击按钮的时候可能出现的异常情况是：可能页面元素还没有加载出来的时候，点击的动作就发生了。这样就会引发找不到元素异常。

解决的方法是通过显示等待，每10ms检查一次页面元素是否加载完成，完成后就点击，否则就等到超时时间之后结束动作。

def waitandClick(xpath):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitandClick, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).click()

11.2 填写表单

在填写表单时，除了页面元素还没有加载完成的异常外，还可能原有表单中有文本，而我们的输入则是以追加模式填写的。这就会导致填写的文本不准确。

def waitandSendkeys(xpath, keys):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitandSendkeys, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).clear()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).send_keys(keys)

11.3 元素加载

在元素加载中可能出现： 1. 在超时时间内元素没有加载完成 2. 查询的元素根本不存在

针对这两种情况进行异常处理：

def waitforDisplay(xpath):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitforDisplay, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        try:
            process = driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
            WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda driver: process.is_displayed())
        except NoSuchElementException as e:
            print('Error:waitforDisplay, NoSuchElementException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)

12. 测试报告和代码示例

12.1 测试报告样例

12.2 完整的测试代码

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python

from selenium import webdriver

import time, os
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException

import unittest
import HtmlTestRunner
import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8') 


# 1. 打开浏览器，访问p.to
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
def openDriver():
    driver.get("http://p.to")
    driver.maximize_window()

# 2. 登陆
class loginClass(object):
    """docstring for login"""
    def __init__(self, arg):
        self.login_pwd = arg

    def login(self):
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="Pwd"]', self.login_pwd)
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Save"]')

def login(data):
    openDriver()
    test1 = loginClass(data)
    test1.login()

# 3.修改管理员密码
class changePwdClass(object):
    """docstring for changePwdClass"""
    def __init__(self, arg):
        self.pwdNew = arg.get('pwdNew', '')
        self.pwdOld = arg.get('pwdOld', '')

    def changeUserPwd(self):
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]')
        waitandClick('//*[@id="Con"]/div[1]/ul[2]/li[1]/ul/li[3]')
        waitforDisplay('//*[@id="_Widget"]')
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdOld"]', self.pwdOld)
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdNew"]', self.pwdNew)
        waitandSendkeys('//*[@id="PwdCfm"]', self.pwdNew)
        waitandClick('//*[@id="SavePwd"]')

def changeUserPwd_main(data):
    changePwdObj = changePwdClass(data)
    changePwdObj.changeUserPwd()

# 4. 单元测试数据
errcode = ['oldPwdErr', 'lenErr', 'charErr', 'matchErr', 'pwdSameErr',\
    'oldPwdBlankErr', 'newPwdBlankErr']
errTips = {
    'oldPwdErr' :'原密码错误',
    'lenErr' : '新密码长度应为5~63位',
    'charErr' : "新密码包含非法字符",
    'matchErr' : '两次密码输入不一致',
    'pwdSameErr' : '新密码与原密码相同，请重新输入',
    'oldPwdBlankErr' : '请输入原密码',
    'newPwdBlankErr' : '请输入新密码'
}

# 5. 检查输入的数据合法性
def checkData(data):#检查顺序跟页面顺序相同
    #pwd = loginPwd
    pwd='admin'
    #'oldPwdBlankErr'
    if data['pwdOld'] == "":
        return errcode[5]
    #newPwdBlankErr
    if data['pwdNew'] == "":
        return errcode[6]
    #charErr
    strTmp = data['pwdNew']
    for x in xrange(0,len(data['pwdNew'])):
        if ord(strTmp[x]) < 33 or ord(strTmp[x]) > 127:#ASCII表示范围:32-127
            return errcode[2]
    #lenErr
    if len(data['pwdNew']) > 63 or len(data['pwdNew']) < 5:
        return errcode[1]
    #oldPwdErr
    if pwd != data['pwdOld']:
        return errcode[0]
    #pwdSameErr
    if data['pwdNew'] == data['pwdOld']:
        return errcode[4]
    #no error
    return None

# 6. 获取输入错误数据之后的页面提示语
def checkResponse(error):
    if error == None:
        return
    # webText = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="PwdTip"]').text
    webText = getText('//*[@id="PwdTip"]')
    if webText == False:#没有提示
        print('###Error: no tips on web!')
    else:
        webText = webText.decode('UTF-8')
    waitandClick('//*[@id="ModifyPwd"]/i')
    return webText

# 8.单元测试类
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    # 7. 编写测试用例
    data = [
        {"pwdNew" : "12345678","pwdOld" : '8dadla'},#"oldPwdErr"
        {"pwdNew" : "admi","pwdOld" : 'admin'},#lenErr
        {'pwdNew' : '1  2  3','pwdOld' : 'admin'},#charErr
        {'pwdNew' : 'admin','pwdOld' : 'admin'},#pwdSameErr
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : ""},#oldPwdBlank
        {'pwdNew' : "",'pwdOld' : "admin"}#newPwdBlank
    ]

    def commonAction(self, arg):
        error = checkData(arg)
        changeUserPwd_main(arg)
        self.assertEqual(checkResponse(error), errTips[error])
        time.sleep(1)

    def test_oldPwdErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[0])
    def test_lenErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[1])
    def test_charErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[2])
    def test_pwdSameErr(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[3])
    def test_oldPwdBlank(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[4])
    def test_newPwdBlank(self):
        self.commonAction(self.data[5])

# 10. 关闭浏览器
def closeDriver():
    time.sleep(3)
    driver.quit()
    os.system('killall chromedriver')
    os.system('killall geckodriver')

# 11. 异常处理
## 11.1 点击函数
def waitandClick(xpath):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitandClick, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).click()

## 11.2 填写表单
def waitandSendkeys(xpath, keys):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitandSendkeys, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).clear()
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).send_keys(keys)

## 11.3 元素加载
def waitforDisplay(xpath):
    try:
        WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, xpath)))
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print('Error:waitforDisplay, TimeoutException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)
    else:
        try:
            process = driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
            WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(lambda driver: process.is_displayed())
        except NoSuchElementException as e:
            print('Error:waitforDisplay, NoSuchElementException, xpath = %s\n' % xpath)

def elementIsDisplayed(xpath):
    try:
        driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
    except NoSuchElementException as e:
        return False

def getText(xpath):
    time.sleep(1)
    return driver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath).text

if __name__ == '__main__':
    openDriver()
    login('admin')
    #data = {'pwdNew'='admin', 'pwdOld'='12345678'}
    #changeUserPwd_main(data)
    #9. 进行单元测试并生成测试报告
    unittest.main(testRunner=HtmlTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(output='test_report',report_title='修改管理员密码试报告'))
    closeDriver()