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Alignment
2020-01-19 18:27:16One of the low-level features of C++ is the ability to specify the precise alignment of objects in memory to take maximum advantage of a specific hardware architecture. By default, the compiler aligns...One of the low-level features of C++ is the ability to specify the precise alignment of objects in memory to take maximum advantage of a specific hardware architecture. By default, the compiler aligns class and struct members on their size value:
bool
andchar
on 1-byte boundaries,short
on 2-byte boundaries,int
,long
, andfloat
on 4-byte boundaries, andlong long
,double
, andlong double
on 8-byte boundaries.In most scenarios, you never have to be concerned with alignment because the default alignment is already optimal. In some cases, however, you can achieve significant performance improvements, or memory savings, by specifying a custom alignment for your data structures. Before Visual Studio 2015 you could use the Microsoft-specific keywords
__alignof
anddeclspec(alignas)
to specify an alignment greater than the default. Starting in Visual Studio 2015 you should use the C++11 standard keywords alignof and alignas for maximum code portability. The new keywords behave in the same way under the hood as the Microsoft-specific extensions. The documentation for those extensions also applies to the new keywords. For more information, see __alignof Operator and align. The C++ standard doesn't specify packing behavior for alignment on boundaries smaller than the compiler default for the target platform, so you still need to use the Microsoft #pragma pack in that case.Use the aligned_storage class for memory allocation of data structures with custom alignments. The aligned_union class is for specifying alignment for unions with non-trivial constructors or destructors.
Alignment and memory addresses
Alignment is a property of a memory address, expressed as the numeric address modulo a power of 2. For example, the address 0x0001103F modulo 4 is 3. That address is said to be aligned to 4n+3, where 4 indicates the chosen power of 2. The alignment of an address depends on the chosen power of 2. The same address modulo 8 is 7. An address is said to be aligned to X if its alignment is Xn+0.
CPUs execute instructions that operate on data stored in memory. The data are identified by their addresses in memory. A single datum also has a size. We call a datum naturally aligned if its address is aligned to its size. It's called misaligned otherwise. For example, an 8-byte floating-point datum is naturally aligned if the address used to identify it has an 8-byte alignment.
Compiler handling of data alignment
Compilers attempt to make data allocations in a way that prevents data misalignment.
For simple data types, the compiler assigns addresses that are multiples of the size in bytes of the data type. For example, the compiler assigns addresses to variables of type
long
that are multiples of 4, setting the bottom 2 bits of the address to zero.The compiler also pads structures in a way that naturally aligns each element of the structure. Consider the structure
struct x_
in the following code example:C++Copy
struct x_ { char a; // 1 byte int b; // 4 bytes short c; // 2 bytes char d; // 1 byte } bar[3];
The compiler pads this structure to enforce alignment naturally.
The following code example shows how the compiler places the padded structure in memory:
C++Copy
// Shows the actual memory layout struct x_ { char a; // 1 byte char _pad0[3]; // padding to put 'b' on 4-byte boundary int b; // 4 bytes short c; // 2 bytes char d; // 1 byte char _pad1[1]; // padding to make sizeof(x_) multiple of 4 } bar[3];
Both declarations return
sizeof(struct x_)
as 12 bytes.The second declaration includes two padding elements:
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char _pad0[3]
to align theint b
member on a 4-byte boundary. -
char _pad1[1]
to align the array elements of the structurestruct _x bar[3];
on a four-byte boundary.
The padding aligns the elements of
bar[3]
in a way that allows natural access.The following code example shows the
bar[3]
array layout:OutputCopy
adr offset element ------ ------- 0x0000 char a; // bar[0] 0x0001 char pad0[3]; 0x0004 int b; 0x0008 short c; 0x000a char d; 0x000b char _pad1[1]; 0x000c char a; // bar[1] 0x000d char _pad0[3]; 0x0010 int b; 0x0014 short c; 0x0016 char d; 0x0017 char _pad1[1]; 0x0018 char a; // bar[2] 0x0019 char _pad0[3]; 0x001c int b; 0x0020 short c; 0x0022 char d; 0x0023 char _pad1[1];
alignof and alignas
The alignas type specifier is a portable, C++ standard way to specify custom alignment of variables and user defined types. The alignof operator is likewise a standard, portable way to obtain the alignment of a specified type or variable.
Example
You can use alignas on a class, struct or union, or on individual members. When multiple alignas specifiers are encountered, the compiler will choose the strictest one, (the one with the largest value).
C++Copy
// alignas_alignof.cpp // compile with: cl /EHsc alignas_alignof.cpp #include <iostream> struct alignas(16) Bar { int i; // 4 bytes int n; // 4 bytes alignas(4) char arr[3]; short s; // 2 bytes }; int main() { std::cout << alignof(Bar) << std::endl; // output: 16 }
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Alignment
2017-09-18 14:47:36Description In the army, a platoon is composed by n soldiers. During the morning inspection, the soldiers are aligned in a straight line in front of the captain. The captain is not satisfied with the... -
alignment
2012-06-13 23:23:30刚一开始理解错了题意,当我wa了两次之后,重新思考,发现在队列里的士兵可以从左边或者从右边没有比他高的即可。 由此,此题和合唱队形差不多,求一个最长升序列,以及一个最长下降序列,枚举中间的兵和他左边最长...刚一开始理解错了题意,当我wa了两次之后,重新思考,发现在队列里的士兵可以从左边或者从右边没有比他高的即可。
由此,此题和合唱队形差不多,求一个最长升序列,以及一个最长下降序列,枚举中间的兵和他左边最长下降序列之和。
时间复杂度为o(n^2)
#include <iostream> #include <cstdio> #include <cstring> #include <cmath> #include <algorithm> using namespace std; double a[1010]; int inc[1010],de[1010]; int main(){ int len; while(~scanf("%d",&len)) { for(int i=1;i<=len;i++) scanf("%lf",&a[i]); memset(inc,0,sizeof(inc)); memset(de,0,sizeof(de)); for(int i=1;i<=len;i++) { for(int j=0;j<i;j++) { if(inc[i]<=inc[j]&&a[i]>a[j]) inc[i]=inc[j]+1; } } for(int i=len;i>0;i--) { for(int j=i+1;j<=len+1;j++) { if(de[i]<=de[j]&&a[i]>a[j]) { de[i]=de[j]+1; } } } int ans=0,tem; for(int i=1;i<=len;i++) { tem=i; for(int j=i+1;j<=len;j++) { if(de[tem]<=de[j]) tem=j; } if(tem==i) ans=ans<(de[tem]+inc[i]-1)?(de[tem]+inc[i]-1):ans; else ans=ans<(de[tem]+inc[i])?(de[tem]+inc[i]):ans; } printf("%d\n",len-ans); } return 0; }
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State alignment from phone alignment
2020-12-06 02:00:20I have a very accurate phone alignment and I want to use it to generate the corresponding state alignment. Does anyone know a way to do that ? I know that I can generate forced state alignment with ... -
Alignment report
2020-12-30 16:57:53<div><p>From the documentation example of an alignment report; Successfully aligned, percent: 65.08% Alignment failed because of absence of V hits: 4.26% Alignment failed because of absence of J hits:... -
Linear Alignment 与 Chimeric Alignment
2018-06-29 11:35:47Linear Alignment An alignment of a read to a single reference sequence that may include insertions, deletions, skips and clipping, but may not include direction changes (i.e. one portion of the align...reads比对到参考序列后,bam文件中会有2048、2064这样的flag,表示supplementary alignment 。 为了理解这个概念,可能需要以下知识。
Linear Alignment
An alignment of a read to a single reference sequence that may include insertions, deletions, skips and clipping, but may not include direction changes (i.e. one portion of the alignment on forward strand and another portion of alignment on reverse strand). 1
Chimeric Alignment
An alignment of a read that cannot be represented as a linear alignment. Typically, one of the linear alignments in a chimeric alignment is considered the “representative” alignment, and the others are called “supplementary” and are distinguished by the supplementary alignment flag. 1
Chimeric reads are indicative of structural variation in DNA-seq and it may indicate the presence of chimeric genes in RNA-seq. 2
In short, chimeric reads can be split in to two or more parts, each part would be mapped to reference(it’s not hard-clipped), the total length of the mapped part is longger than read length. 3
Representative alignment
A chimeric alignment that is represented as a set of linear alignments that do not have large overlaps typically has one linear alignment that is considered the representative alignment.
I don’t understand representative alignment with the word “representative” in my mother tongue and could not find more information(figure) about it. One read can align to multiple positions, we can find one alignmnet position which sequence do not have large overlaps, it called representative alighment, for other alignment positions, we called them supplementary alignment.
It seems that GATK can realignment those representative reads to the correctly position via RealignerTargetCreator and IndelRealigner. (WARNING: I am not quite sure if I understand this correctly. If someone could help me, please leave me a message below, thanks, thanks.)
Supplementary Alignment
A chimeric reads but not a representative reads.
Primary Alignment and Secondary Alignment
A read may map ambiguously to multiple locations, e.g. due to repeats. Only one of the multiple read alignments is considered primary, and this decision may be arbitrary. All other alignments have the secondary alignment flag.
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Button alignment
2020-12-26 00:02:13<div><p>Could be an interesting feature a property called .alignment where you can specify the default button alignment (now they are aligned from left)</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:viewthespace/... -
Face Alignment
2020-12-08 21:13:41<div><p>I can not see any explanation about Face Alignment. It this project can align the faces? Could you provide some details please?</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:luoyetx/Joint-Face-Detection-... -
Alignment support
2020-12-26 17:46:52<div><p>Set <code>alignment</code> property for <strong>TopLeft, <strong>BottomLeft</strong> and <strong>CenterLeft</strong> alignment. - default value 'centerLeft'</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目... -
VBIS alignment
2020-12-09 04:06:26<div><p>Defines the alignment TTL file from the exported 1st sheet of the alignment document. <p>would be great to get your input on this <p>TODOs: - [x] remove VBIS version information (they have ... -
chimeric alignment
2020-12-05 01:59:41<p>Are there any plans to support chimeric alignment (similar to GMAP) in addition to spliced long-sequence alignment? This would be great, as GMAP (and to some extent STAR) is to my knowledge the ... -
Alignment restriction
2020-11-25 09:19:34<div><p>...<p>Could you elaborate why the alignment is restricted here?</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/VulkanMemoryAllocator</p></div> -
Alignment identity
2020-11-22 16:14:48I use this tool for assembly vs assembly alignment, it's really run so fast. And I find the output format is sam. So could convert the sam file to other format witch can report alignment identity... -
Text alignment
2020-12-01 19:21:10I was hoping that I could set the text alignment for each paragraph. The problem with Reveal.js is that the text is aligned at the center. That problem has been exacerbated in kreator by aligning ... -
alignment support
2020-11-22 21:23:58i have problem to set title,text,description alignment on CUSTOM Skin. In all of Skins (i think) there is no alignment support for text and title and surprisingly setDescriptionAlignemnt wont work on ... -
Poor Alignment
2020-12-02 03:12:45<p>The warning message you are getting indicates that some of your sequences have a poor alignment. This can be caused by your sequences being flipped. If you set flip=t, the align.seqs command ... -
Alignment options
2021-01-05 03:56:00ve been working on disassembling Unity3D archives, and it turns out that they frequently use 4- and 8-byte alignment, that is, the same structures get arbitrary zero padding up to next address ... -
MiqVimInventory alignment
2020-11-25 19:46:57<div><p>Fix mixed alignment and other rubocop warnings</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:ManageIQ/manageiq</p></div> -
Element alignment
2020-12-26 11:00:56Add element alignment under color preset when elements selected. And add features for distribution and justify alignment. <p>Todo: - [X] Distribution should be enabled more than 3 selected selected, ... -
ECAL Alignment
2020-11-21 15:37:14<div><p>New ECAL Alignment values for 2011</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:cms-sw/cmssw</p></div> -
Alignment pragma
2020-12-02 04:39:27<div><p>Added alignment pragma, which replaces ivdep pragma if running with OpenMP</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:devitocodes/devito</p></div> -
Coro alignment
2020-12-01 11:56:49<div><p>This patch includes an inline function which produces aligned sizes for use in ensuring 16-byte alignment of stacks.</p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:IoLanguage/io</p></div> -
Pairwise Alignment with ranges and `with_alignment` doesn't compile
2020-12-09 13:34:50/home/gene/Coding/seqan3/include/seqan3/alignment/matrix/alignment_trace_algorithms.hpp:125:21: required from ‘alignment_t seqan3::detail::alignment_trace(database_t&&, query_t&&, ... -
alignment settings
2020-12-27 11:03:58<div><ul><li>option to enable/disable emacs style function alignment</li><li>declaration of multiline lists, tuples and records use normal indent, not continuation</li></ul>该提问来源于开源项目:... -
Alignment?
2020-12-27 12:08:25Why do we need an alignment to map the vcf to a reference genome? When the vcf is generated, it is already aligned against a reference, so why align it again? </p><p>该提问来源于开源项目:... -
Alignment Strings
2020-11-22 08:35:57<p>would it be possible to optionally output the reference and query alignment string (potentially without hard and soft clipped sequences) in the PAF format? <p>Thanks, Felix</p><p>该提问来源于开源... -
Changing Alignment
2020-12-26 02:03:57<p>is there a way to change the alignment of the tokens to be right-aligned instead of left <p>i am working on an arabic application where i need the tokens to be right aligned <p>is there a way to do...
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